Wood Stain - Enhances aesthetics by modifying its colour, however it doesn't usually protect the wood.
Oils - Maintains the wood's appearance. Some also offer protection to moisture when used outdoors.
Polyurethane Varnish - Seals and protects the surface of the wood.
Preservatives - Generally applied to timber that is going to be used outdoors. They enhance appearance and extend the useful life of timber products. Tanalised Timber is protected by straying a preservative onto it. See http://www.delston.co.uk/tanalised.htm for more info.
Paint - Used to colour and protect wood. Primers must be used on most non-manufactured boards.
Manufactured Boards
Medium Density Fibre Board (MDF) - Composed of fine wood, dust and resin which is then compressed inside a mould to form a block. - Relatively inexpensive.
Plywood - Alternating grain at 90 degrees to each other to improve strength.
Chipboard - Small chips of wood bonded together with resin and formed into sheets by compression. Not as strong as Plywood.
Hardwood - Wood fibres that've been pulped.
Blockboard - Core of softwood strips bonded together with adhesive and covered with a sheet of plywood.
Aeroply - Used for the outer skin of an aircraft. High grade plywood that's attatched to a timber frame.
Maplex - A New type of MDF that's used for the furniture industry. This composite is higher grade and easier to machine
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